Difference between revisions of "Cryptosporidium parvum"

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===Transmission/Exposure Routes===
 
===Transmission/Exposure Routes===
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Fecal-oral, ingestion of contaminated food or water, swallowing recreational water contaminated with Crypto, touching your mouth with contaminated hands, and contact with infected persons or animals. <ref name=CDC>[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/epi.html#one CDC]</ref>
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Fecal-oral, ingestion of contaminated food or water, swallowing recreational water contaminated with Crypto, touching your mouth with contaminated hands, and contact with infected persons or animals. <ref name=CDC>CDC (2011) “Parasites – Cryptosporidium (also known as “Crypto”): Epidemiology & Risk Factors” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/epi.html#one </ref>
  
 
===Incubation Times===
 
===Incubation Times===
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===Burden of Disease===
 
===Burden of Disease===
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In the United States, an estimated 748,000 cases of cryptosporidiosis occur each year (CDC, 2011). An estimated 30% of the adult population of the United States is seropositive for cryptosporidium (Cabada, M, et al. 2011).  During 2006 - 2008, the number of reported cases of cryptosporidiosis increased from 6,479 in 2006 to 11,657 in 2007, and then decreased to 10,500 in 2008. A greater number of case reports were received for children aged 1--9 years and for adults aged 25--39 years than were received for persons in other age groups.  Peak onset of illness occurred annually during early summer through early fall (Yoder, JS. 2010). <br />
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In the United States, an estimated 748,000 cases of cryptosporidiosis occur each year<ref name=CDC></ref> An estimated 30% of the adult population of the United States is seropositive for cryptosporidium<ref name=Cabada>Cabada, M. Burke, C. (2011) “Cryptosporidiosis”  Medscape Reference: Drugs, Diseases & Procedures: Cryptosporidiosis.  Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215490-overview#a0156</ref> During 2006 - 2008, the number of reported cases of cryptosporidiosis increased from 6,479 in 2006 to 11,657 in 2007, and then decreased to 10,500 in 2008. A greater number of case reports were received for children aged 1--9 years and for adults aged 25--39 years than were received for persons in other age groups.  Peak onset of illness occurred annually during early summer through early fall<ref name=Yoder> Yoder, JS, Harral, C., and Beach MJ. (2010) “Cryptosporidiosis Surveillance — United States, 2006–2008. MMWR.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  59 (No. SS-6): 1-14.  Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss5906.pdf </ref> <br />
  
 
In 1993 an estimated 403,000 of the greater Milwaukee, Wisconsin area became ill with cryptosporidiosis among 880,000 possible exposures (An attack rate of about 45.8%) (Hoxie, N. 1997 & Blair, K. 1995). <br />
 
In 1993 an estimated 403,000 of the greater Milwaukee, Wisconsin area became ill with cryptosporidiosis among 880,000 possible exposures (An attack rate of about 45.8%) (Hoxie, N. 1997 & Blair, K. 1995). <br />
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===Microbiology===
 
===Microbiology===
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A microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis; The oocysts are the infective stage and are about 5 microns in size (wikipedia)
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A microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis; The oocysts are the infective stage and are about 5 microns in size<ref name=Wikipedia>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidium</ref>
  
 
===Environmental Survival===
 
===Environmental Survival===
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===References===  
 
===References===  
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http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/epi.html#one
 
 
Blair, K. (1995) “Cryptosporidium and Public Health” Water Quality and Health.  Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://waterandhealth.org/newsletter/old/03-01-1995.html <br />
 
Blair, K. (1995) “Cryptosporidium and Public Health” Water Quality and Health.  Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://waterandhealth.org/newsletter/old/03-01-1995.html <br />
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Cabada, M. Burke, C. (2011) “Cryptosporidiosis”  Medscape Reference: Drugs, Diseases & Procedures: Cryptosporidiosis.  Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215490-overview#a0156 <br />
 
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CDC (2011) “Parasites – Cryptosporidium (also known as “Crypto”): Epidemiology & Risk Factors” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/epi.html#one <br />
 
 
Neil J. Hoxie, et al. (December 1997), "Cryptosporidiosis-Associated Mortality Following a Massive Waterbome Outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin", American Journal of Public Health 87 (12): 2032–2035. Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.87.12.2032<br />
 
Neil J. Hoxie, et al. (December 1997), "Cryptosporidiosis-Associated Mortality Following a Massive Waterbome Outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin", American Journal of Public Health 87 (12): 2032–2035. Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.87.12.2032<br />
−
Yoder, JS, Harral, C., and Beach MJ. (2010) “Cryptosporidiosis Surveillance — United States, 2006–2008. MMWR.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  59 (No. SS-6): 1-14.  Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss5906.pdf <br />
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<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidium
 
  
 
<references/>
 
<references/>

Revision as of 18:11, 10 July 2012

Cryptosporidium parvum (Cryptosporidiosis)

Hosts

Animal and human

Transmission/Exposure Routes

Fecal-oral, ingestion of contaminated food or water, swallowing recreational water contaminated with Crypto, touching your mouth with contaminated hands, and contact with infected persons or animals. [1]

Incubation Times

2-10 days, average 7 days

Case Fatality Ratios

Mortality in immunocompetent patients is generally low. In immunodeficient individuals, the infection can be persistent and severe. [2]
The mortality rate for children less than five years of age was 2.6/10,000/day during the outbreak[3]
In one study in the UK, 19% of AIDS patients with cryptosporidiosis were thought to have died from the infection.,[4]
Another study compiled case reports of cryptosporidiosis and found a mortality rate of 46% in AIDS patients and 29% in patients with other immunodeficiencies (Fayer & Ungar, 1986).

Burden of Disease

In the United States, an estimated 748,000 cases of cryptosporidiosis occur each year[1] An estimated 30% of the adult population of the United States is seropositive for cryptosporidium[5] During 2006 - 2008, the number of reported cases of cryptosporidiosis increased from 6,479 in 2006 to 11,657 in 2007, and then decreased to 10,500 in 2008. A greater number of case reports were received for children aged 1--9 years and for adults aged 25--39 years than were received for persons in other age groups. Peak onset of illness occurred annually during early summer through early fall[6]

In 1993 an estimated 403,000 of the greater Milwaukee, Wisconsin area became ill with cryptosporidiosis among 880,000 possible exposures (An attack rate of about 45.8%) (Hoxie, N. 1997 & Blair, K. 1995).

Internationally (including Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia), about 13% of stool samples analyzed for parasites in developing countries reveal Cryptosporidium oocysts (Cabada, M, et al. 2011).

Duration of Infectiousness and disease

Symptomology

Excretion Rates (see Exposure)

Immunity

Microbiology

A microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal disease cryptosporidiosis; The oocysts are the infective stage and are about 5 microns in size[7]

Environmental Survival

They are highly resistant to chlorine, and can survive for months in cold lakes/streams, as well as freezing at -15C for 8-24h (AWWA 1999)

Recommended Dose Response Model

Dose response models for Cryptosporidium
Exponential, k is 0.057
Exponential model.png




References

Blair, K. (1995) “Cryptosporidium and Public Health” Water Quality and Health. Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://waterandhealth.org/newsletter/old/03-01-1995.html
Neil J. Hoxie, et al. (December 1997), "Cryptosporidiosis-Associated Mortality Following a Massive Waterbome Outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin", American Journal of Public Health 87 (12): 2032–2035. Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.87.12.2032

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 CDC (2011) “Parasites – Cryptosporidium (also known as “Crypto”): Epidemiology & Risk Factors” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/crypto/epi.html#one
  2. ↑ Ungar, B. L., Burris, J. A., Quinn, C. A., & Finkelman, F. D. (1990). New mouse models for chronic Cryptosporidium infection in immunodeficient hosts. Infection and Immunity, 58(4), 961–969.
  3. ↑ Mach O, Lu L , Creek T, Bowen A, Arvelo W, Smit M, Masunge J, Brennan M, and Handzel T. (2009) Population-Based Study of a Widespread Outbreak of Diarrhea Associated with Increased Mortality and Malnutrition in Botswana, January–March, 2006. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 80(5): 812–818 Full Text
  4. ↑ Connolly, G. M., Dryden, M. S., Shanson, D. C., & Gazzard, B. G. (1988). Cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS and its treatment. Gut, 29(5), 593–597.
  5. ↑ Cabada, M. Burke, C. (2011) “Cryptosporidiosis” Medscape Reference: Drugs, Diseases & Procedures: Cryptosporidiosis. Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215490-overview#a0156
  6. ↑ Yoder, JS, Harral, C., and Beach MJ. (2010) “Cryptosporidiosis Surveillance — United States, 2006–2008. MMWR.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 59 (No. SS-6): 1-14. Retrieved on 1-23-12 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss5906.pdf
  7. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidium



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