Difference between revisions of "Adenovirus: Dose Response Models"

Revision as of 21:43, 11 November 2011

Adenovirus

Overview of Adenovirus

Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90-100 nm), nonenveloped (naked) icosohedral viruses containing double-stranded DNA. There are more than 52 immunologically distinct types that can cause infections in humans. Adenoviruses are unusually stable to chemical and physical agents and to adverse pH conditions, thus allowing for prolonged survival outside of the body(CDC 2010).

Adenoviruses most commonly cause respiratory illness and Respiratory infections, the most commoncause of acute infectious disease in U.S. adults (Gray, Callahan et al. 1999) however, depending on the infecting serotype, they may also cause various other illnesses, such as gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis (bladder infection), and rash illness. Symptoms of respiratory illness caused by adenovirus infection range from the common cold syndrome to pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis (CDC 2010).

Acute respiratory disease (ARD), which was first recognized among military recruits during World War II, caused by adenovirus infections (Gray, Callahan et al. 1999; CDC 2010). Although epidemiologic characteristics of the adenoviruses vary by type, all are transmitted by direct contact, fecal-oral transmission, and occasionally waterborne transmission.

ARD is most often associated with adenovirus types 4 and 7, and more recently adenovirus 14, in the United States. Enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 cause gastroenteritis, usually in children. For some adenovirus serotypes, the clinical spectrum of disease associated with infection varies depending on the site of infection; for example, infection with adenovirus 7 acquired by inhalation is associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease, whereas oral transmission of the virus typically causes no or mild disease(CDC 2010).

Summary of data

Couch, R. B., T. R. Cate, et al. (1966). "Effect of route of inoculation on experimental respiratory viral disease in volunteers and evidence for airborne transmission." Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 30(3): 517-529.- In this study, several healthy adult male volunteers were exposed to aerosols containing adenovirus type 4 (Couch, Cate et al. 1966).

Couch, R. B., V. Knight, et al. (1969). "The minimal infectious dose of adenovirus type 4; the case for natural transmission by viral aerosol.." Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 80: 205-211.- In this study, human volunteers were inoculated intaranasally with adenovirus type 4 (Couch, Knight et al. 1969).

Optimized Models and Fitting Analyses

Optimization Output for experiment 1

Figure 1.1 Parameter histogram for exponential model(uncertainty of the parameter)

Figure 1.2 Exponential model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

Optimized Models and Fitting Analyses

Optimization Output for experiment 2

Figure 1.3 Parameter histogram for exponential model

Figure 1.4 Exponential model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model

References

CDC (2010). Adenoviruses, CDC, Division of Viral Diseases.

Couch, R. B., T. R. Cate, et al. (1966). "Effect of route of inoculation on experimental respiratory viral disease in volunteers and evidence for airborne transmission." Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 30(3): 517-529.

Couch, R. B., V. Knight, et al. (1969). "The minimal infectious dose of adenovirus type 4; the case for natural transmission by viral aerosol." Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 80: 205-211.

Gray, G. C., J. D. Callahan, et al. (1999). "Respiratory diseases among U.S. military personnel: countering emerging threats." Emerging Infectious Diseases 5(3): 379-385.