Salmonella anatum
Author: Sushil Tamrakar
General overview of Salmonella and Salmonellosis
Salmonella, a genus of rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-spore forming, and predominantly motile enterobacteria, causes more than 104 cases of infections per year in United States. Salmonellosis is an important medical problem, as well as infection with non-typhi Salmonella which often causes mild self-limited illness, Severe sequelae including death may occur, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. It has been reported that the incidence of salmonellosis is higher in developing countries, where food handlers may be a reservoir for further transmission of infection. [1]
Salmonella anatum is a common cause of salmonellosis, an important infectious disease in humans and animals. [2] Additionally, unpasteurized fruit juices have been associated with outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases caused by infection with Salmonella anatum [3]
Summary Data
McCullough, N. B. and C. W. Elsele (1951) inoculated human volunteers orally with the Salmonella anatum strain I,II and III.[4]
| Experiment serial number |
Reference |
Host type |
Agent strain |
Route |
# of doses |
Dose units |
Response |
Best fit model |
Optimized parameter(s) |
LD50/ID50
|
| 232, 233* |
[4] |
human |
strain I |
oral, with eggnog |
16 |
CFU |
positive stool culture |
beta-Poisson |
α= 3.18E-01 , N50 = 3.71E+04 |
3.71E+04
|
| 232 |
[4] |
human |
strain I |
oral, with eggnog |
8 |
CFU |
positive stool culture |
beta-Poisson |
α = 2.91E-01 , N50 = 4.44E+04 |
4.44E+04
|
| 233 |
[4] |
human |
strain II |
oral, with eggnog |
8 |
CFU |
positive stool culture |
beta-Poisson |
α = 2.3E-01 , N50 = 4.91E+03 |
4.91E+03
|
| *This model is preferred in most circumstances. However, consider all available models to decide which one is most appropriate for your analysis.
|
|
*Recommended Model
The pooled model of experiment number 232 and 233 is the recommended model as more data points in the model result into improvement in fits.
Optimization Output for experiment 232, 233 (Salmonella anatum)
Human/ Salmonella anatum strain I & II pooled data [4]
| Dose |
Positive stool culture |
No positive stool culture |
Total
|
| 12000 |
2 |
3 |
5
|
| 24000 |
3 |
3 |
6
|
| 66000 |
4 |
2 |
6
|
| 89000 |
5 |
1 |
6
|
| 93000 |
1 |
5 |
6
|
| 141000 |
3 |
3 |
6
|
| 256000 |
5 |
1 |
6
|
| 448000 |
4 |
2 |
6
|
| 587000 |
4 |
2 |
6
|
| 860000 |
6 |
0 |
6
|
| 1040000 |
6 |
0 |
6
|
| 3.9E+06 |
4 |
2 |
6
|
| 1E+07 |
6 |
0 |
6
|
| 2.39E+07 |
5 |
1 |
6
|
| 4.45E+07 |
6 |
0 |
6
|
| 6.73E+07 |
8 |
0 |
8
|
|
Goodness of fit and model selection
| Model |
Deviance |
Δ |
Degrees
of freedom |
χ20.95,1
p-value |
χ20.95,m-k
p-value
|
| Exponential
|
138
|
119
|
15
|
3.84
0
|
25
0
|
| Beta Poisson
|
18.9
|
14
|
23.7
0.168
|
| Beta-Poisson fits better than exponential; cannot reject good fit for beta-Poisson.
|
|
Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrap iterations
| Parameter
|
MLE estimate
|
Percentiles
|
| 0.5% |
2.5% |
5% |
95% |
97.5% |
99.5%
|
| α
|
3.18E-01
|
1.35E-01 |
1.71E-01 |
1.92E-01 |
5.70E-01 |
6.66E-01 |
9.56E-01
|
| N50
|
3.71E+04
|
1.40E+03 |
5.50E+03 |
8.86E+03 |
8.82E+04 |
1.00E+05 |
1.30E+05
|
|
Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters. 
beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model
Optimization Output for experiment 232 (Salmonella anatum)
Human / Salmonella anatum strain I data [4]
| Dose |
Positive stool culture |
No positive stool culture |
Total
|
| 12000 |
2 |
3 |
5
|
| 24000 |
3 |
3 |
6
|
| 66000 |
4 |
2 |
6
|
| 93000 |
1 |
5 |
6
|
| 141000 |
3 |
3 |
6
|
| 256000 |
5 |
1 |
6
|
| 587000 |
4 |
2 |
6
|
| 860000 |
6 |
0 |
6
|
|
Goodness of fit and model selection
| Model |
Deviance |
Δ |
Degrees
of freedom |
χ20.95,1
p-value |
χ20.95,m-k
p-value
|
| Exponential
|
20.5
|
11
|
7
|
3.84
0.000922
|
14.1
0.00457
|
| Beta Poisson
|
9.53
|
6
|
12.6
0.146
|
| Beta-Poisson fits better than exponential; cannot reject good fit for beta-Poisson.
|
|
Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrap iterations
| Parameter
|
MLE estimate
|
Percentiles
|
| 0.5% |
2.5% |
5% |
95% |
97.5% |
99.5%
|
| α
|
2.91E-01
|
9.77E-04 |
9.77E-04 |
4.11E-02 |
1.68E+00 |
5.36E+00 |
1.20E+03
|
| N50
|
4.44E+04
|
6.74E-02 |
8.03E+02 |
4.15E+03 |
1.64E+05 |
6.89E+06 |
9.07E+07
|
|
Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters. 
beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model
Optimization Output for experiment 233 (Salmonella anatum)
Human/ Salmonella anatum strain II data [4]
| Dose |
Positive stool culture |
No positive stool culture |
Total
|
| 89000 |
5 |
1 |
6
|
| 448000 |
4 |
2 |
6
|
| 1040000 |
6 |
0 |
6
|
| 3.9E+06 |
4 |
2 |
6
|
| 1E+07 |
6 |
0 |
6
|
| 2.39E+07 |
5 |
1 |
6
|
| 4.45E+07 |
6 |
0 |
6
|
| 6.73E+07 |
8 |
0 |
8
|
|
Goodness of fit and model selection
| Model |
Deviance |
Δ |
Degrees
of freedom |
χ20.95,1
p-value |
χ20.95,m-k
p-value
|
| Exponential
|
62.8
|
54.2
|
7
|
3.84
1.84e-13
|
14.1
4.22e-11
|
| Beta Poisson
|
8.6
|
6
|
12.6
0.198
|
| Beta-Poisson fits better than exponential; cannot reject good fit for beta-Poisson.
|
|
Optimized parameters for the beta-Poisson model, from 10000 bootstrap iterations
| Parameter
|
MLE estimate
|
Percentiles
|
| 0.5% |
2.5% |
5% |
95% |
97.5% |
99.5%
|
| α
|
2.3E-01
|
3.63E-02 |
5.29E-02 |
6.00E-02 |
5.51E-01 |
6.70E-01 |
1.40E+00
|
| N50
|
4.91E+03
|
2.59E-10 |
2.73E-08 |
4.91E-06 |
8.72E+04 |
1.23E+05 |
2.29E+05
|
|
Parameter scatter plot for beta Poisson model ellipses signify the 0.9, 0.95 and 0.99 confidence of the parameters. 
beta Poisson model plot, with confidence bounds around optimized model
References
- ↑
Chalker RB, Blaser MJ (1988) A review of human salmonellosis: III. Magnitude of Salmonella infection in the United States. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 10(1): 111-124.
- ↑ Hartmann FA, West SE (1995) Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of multidrug-resistant Salmonella anatum isolated from horses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7: 159-162.
- ↑ Krause G, Terzagian R, et al. (2001) Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Anatum Infection Associated With Unpasteurized Orange Juice. Southern Medical Journal 94(12): 1168&hyhen;1172.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 McCullough NB, Elsele CW (1951) Experimental Human Salmonellosis: I. Pathogenicity of Strains of Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella anatum Obtained from Spray-Dried Whole Egg. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 88(3): 278-289. Cite error: Invalid
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Chalker RB and Blaser MJ (1988) A Review of Human Salmonellosis: III. Magnitude of Salmonella Infection in the United States. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 10(1), 111-124.
Hartmann FA and West SEH (1995) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Anatum Isolated from Horses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7(1), 159-161.
Krause G, Terzagian R and Hammond R (2001) Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Anatum infection associated with unpasteurized orange juice. Southern medical journal 94(12), 1168-1172.
McCullough NB and Elsele CW (1951) Experimental Human Salmonellosis: I. Pathogenicity of Strains of Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella anatum Obtained from Spray-Dried Whole Egg. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 88(3), 278-289.
